CDTire – Scalable Tire Model

Realistic Yet Fast Calculations

The simulation of tires remain a challenge because they behave in a complex, non-linear manner. The calculation is either very drawn out, computationally intensive, and cannot be easily incorporated into the overall model, or it provides inexact results. The simulation tool “CDTire/3D” overcomes this dilemma.

Modeling Tires Realistically

Manufacturers conduct virtual tests on vehicle designs long before the first car rolls off the assembly line. Simulation of the tires has remained a challenge, however. The software tool “CDTire/3D” models the wheels realistically. The software takes into account the heat that is generated during driving and how the properties of the tires change.

CDTire supports engineers in almost all analysis scenarios used in modern vehicle development processes from within Multi-Body Simulation tools. Special focus on tire belt dynamics and interaction with 3D road surfaces accurately captures the vibrations in both amplitude and frequency behavior with additional capabilities in static and stationary tire behavior.

During Multi-Body Simulations, CDTire computes the spindle forces and moments acting on each wheel in the model as well as the local contact forces while driving on 3D road surfaces or advanced tire coupled test rigs.

CDTire is a physical tire model family with different physical models for belt, sidewall and tread to balance accuracy and performance for different applications. Changing the tire inflation pressure allows quick what-if studies for different inflation pressures on different tires in the model.

CDTire Tool Chain

Available Models

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CDTire/3D

complete 3D shell based model of sidewalls and belt
separate modeling and parameterization of all functional layers of a modern tire
includes dedicated models for belt, carcass, cap plies and tread
same deformation capability as FEA models
capturing of belt/rim contact (ground out)
flexible rim support
dedicated local brush type contact model
full scalable in spacial discretization and functional capabilities
suitable to handle inflation pressure variations during application up to total pressure loss
temperature model and cavity model connectable
applicable on arbitrary 3D road surfaces
can be adapted to a motorcycle tire

© Fraunhofer ITWM
CDTire/ 3D: Functional layer concept

CDTire/3D – Slip Angle Sweep

Slip angle sleep from -15 degree to 15 degree. Visualization of contact patch dynamics and tire structure deformation with CDTire model suite.

CDTire/Realtime

flexible belt model
scalable belt discretization
local brush type contact model
real-time capable
accurate in frequency range up to 150 Hzsuitable for applications on arbitrary longitudinal wavelength road surfaces such as cleats, curbs and 2D road surfaces

CDTire/Realtime – Running at the Simulator

Virtual tire fast prototyping: Usage of CDTire/Realtime and CDTire Tool Chain at the driving simulator.

CDTire/MF++

Is a temperature enhanced Magic Formula for coupling to CDTire/Thermal in advanced handling applications
Based on Pacejka 2002 containing relaxation length concept
Contains empirical tread model to predict contact patch shape under various driving conditions
Contains additional factor based formula add-ons to feature the temperature dependence
Standard MF parameters can be used as basis for the temperature enhancement

CDTire/Thermal

Is a detailed thermo-dynamical model to predict temperature creation and propagation in a tire
Fully 3D finite volume based description
The resolution is scalable in all dimensionsThe meshing is done automatically based on cross-section information
Runs with real time factor below 0.1
Easy to parameterize
Can be coupled with CDTire/3D, CDTire/MF++ and CDTire/Realtime

CDTire/NVH

Is a software toolbox to derive a linear model from CDTire/3D for a rolling preloaded tire
Linear tire model can be used for modal analysis and imported into NVH tools
Discrete local contact area excitation or alternatively global poster excitation
Alternatively export of transfer functions for direct usage in NVH tools

CDTire – Typical Applications

Ride comfort studies on digitized road surfaces
Harshness analysis on artificial obstacles such as cleats
Durability analysis to predict spindle forces while driving on a durability test track
NVH analysis using transient simulation in time domain or simulations in frequency domain based on linearized models
Steering moment analysis during parking maneuvers
Tire coupled test rig applications with up to all 6 directions driven for each tire
Handling analysis on flat and 3D roads
Active safety (ABS, ESP,…)
Safety analysis with different fourth wheel
Variation of inflation pressure
Misuse-like events including tire ground out (also with flexible rim)
Real-time applications like MIL / SIL / HIL

CDTire – Parameter and Parameter Identification

To determine the model parameters of CDTire in such a way that an existing tire is adapted, tire data sets and measurements are needed that describe the physical properties of the tire.

The parameter identification tool CDTire/PI utilizes the complete process to support the identification of the best parameter set. This process includes:

import of the standard tire measurements from arbitrary test labs
setup and execution of the related tire simulations
automatic comparison of measurement and simulation using different measures

The tool is a stand-alone software, no additional MBS solver is needed. CDTire contains an example set of tire parameter files for a 195/65 R15 tire. Additionally, ITWM is offering CDTire parameter identification as an engineering service. This data is then compared to simulations with systematically varied parameters to identify the best parameter set.

CDTire – Road Surface Models

CDTire needs geometric road surface models that return surface positions and a road-side friction coefficient. The associated road body can be arbitrarily driven in both translational and rotational directions for accurate, more complex poster test rig applications.

The following road surface models are available:

RSM 1000
User defined parametric obstacles and 3D digitized test track in simple ASCII-format

RSM 1002
Rolling drum surface for 1 axle

RSM 1100
User defined road surface

RSM 2000
3D digitized test track including parametric obstacles optimized for large data sets

RSM 3000
OpenCRG format

CDTire/Legacy

CDTire20
CDTire30
CDTire40
CDTireMC (motorcycle tire model)

These models are still supported but will be discontinued in future releases.

The CDTire30 can be directly replaced by CDTire/Realtime.

The CDTire40 can be mostly adapted by CDTire/3D by switching to an immaterialized membrane-type sidewall model.

CDTireMC can be created based on CDTire/3D by realizing the motorcycle typical steel belt constructions.

System Requirements and Publications

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System requirements

Supported Simulation Platforms:

LMS Virtual.Lab Motion
MSC.ADAMS
SIMPACK
Altair MotionSolve
MATLAB & Simulink

Supported Operating Systems:

Windows (32-bit and 64-bit)
Linux (32-bit and 64-bit)

Publications

Jahr Year	Titel/Autor:in Title/Author	Publikationstyp Publication Type
2024	Potentials and Possibilities of Using the Physical Tire Model CDTire/3D in the Derivation of Tire Envelopes in Vehicle Development Calabrese, Francesco; Burkhart, Christoph; Gallrein, Axel; Bäcker, Manfred; Leister, Günter	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2022	Hardware-in-the-Loop-Simulation mit erweiterten physikalischen Reifenmodellen zur virtuellen Erprobung von Steuergeräten Bilgic Istoc, Sami; Bäcker, Manfred; Calabrese, Francesco; Burkhart, Christoph; Hagemann, Lorraine	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2022	Tire Model to Feature Multi Body Simulation Based NVH Assessment of a Car Including Air Cavity Effects Kindt, Peter; Petry, Frank; Barbaglia, Giulio; Uil, Rutger; Milata, Michal; Uhlar, Stefan; Kunicky, Zdenek; Bäcker, Manfred; Gallrein, Axel; Calabrese, Francesco	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2020	Virtual Tire Design/Assessment in the Early Vehicle Development Process Calabrese, F.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.; Ran, S.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2020	Hardware and Virtual Test-Rigs for Automotive Steel Wheels Design Rovarino, D.; Actis Comino, L.; Bonisoli, E.; Rosso, C.; Venturini, S.; Velardocchia, M.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.	Bericht Report
2020	A Methodology for Automotive Steel Wheel Life Assessment Rovarino, D.; Actis Comino, L.; Bonisoli, E.; Rosso, C.; Venturini, S.; Velardocchia, M.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.	Bericht Report
2020	Exploring Simulator Technology for Tire Development Calabrese, F.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2019	Managing the variety of potential tire / wheel sizes in the early vehicle development process Calabrese, F.; Dusini, L.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2019	Virtual tire pre-development using the CDTire model suite Rutger, U.; Petry, F.; Calabrese, F.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2018	Simulation of Dynamic Gas Cavity Effects of a Tire under Operational Conditions Gallrein, A.; Baecker, M.; Guan, J.	Bericht Report
2017	SIMULATION - Simulation of a tire blow-out in a full vehicle scenario Calabrese, F.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.; Leister, G.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2017	A tire model based on geometrically exact shells for modal analysis in steady state rolling Roller, M.; Gallrein, A.; Linn, J.; Betsch, P.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2017	Dynamic simulation of the inflation gas of a tire under operational conditions Gallrein, A.; Bäcker, M.; Calabrese, F.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2017	Einfluss der Dynamik des Füllgases des Reifens auf Betriebszustände Gallrein, A.; Bäcker, M.; Calabrese, F.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2017	A study of parameter identification for a thermal-mechanical tire model based on flat track measurements Calabrese, F.; Ludwig, C.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2017	Parameter-Identifikation eines thermo-mechanischen Reifenmodells basierend auf Flachbahn-Messungen Calabrese, F.; Ludwig, C.; Bäcker, M.; Gailrein, A.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2016	Extrapolation of rolling resistance for truck tires from specific load cases to vehicle usage in the field Halfmann, T.; Steidel, S.; Gallrein, A.; Dreßler, K.; Pasalkar, V.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2016	An enhanced tire model for dynamic simulation based on geometrically exact shells Roller, M.; Betsch, P.; Gallrein, A.; Linn, J.	Zeitschriftenaufsatz Journal Article
2016	Prediction of rolling resistance and tread wear of tires in realistic commercial vehicle application scenarios Steidel, S.; Halfmann, T.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.	Bericht Report
2016	Simulation des Reifenabriebs zur Bewertung von Nachlauflenkachskonzepten Brand, A.; Bäcker, M.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2016	Noise, vibration, harshness model of a rotating tyre Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.; Roller, M.	Zeitschriftenaufsatz Journal Article
2016	Simulation of a sudden tire inflation pressure loss in a full vehicle context as a validation scenario for CAE based ESC development Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.; Calabrese, F.; Mansvelders, R.	Bericht Report
2015	An enhanced tire model for dynamic simulation based on geometrically exact shells Roller, Michael; Betsch, Peter; Gallrein, Axel; Linn, Joachim	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2015	A Method to Combine an MBD Tire Model with a Thermo-dynamical one to improve the accuracy in the tire simulations Calabrese, Francesco; Bäcker, Manfred; Gallrein, Axel	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2015	Evaluation of different modeling approaches for the tire handling simulations - analysis and results Calabrese, F.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, Axel	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2015	NVH model of a rotating tire Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.; Roller, M.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2015	From road excitation to spindle forces in frequency domain: Linearization of the rolling tire Baecker, M.; Gallrein, A.; Roller, M.	Bericht Report
2014	An advanced flexible realtime tire model and its integration into fraunhofer's driving simulator Gallrein, A.; Baecker, M.; Burger, M.; Gizatullin, A.	Bericht Report
2014	On the use of geometrically exact shells for dynamic tire simulation Roller, M.; Betsch, P.; Gallrein, A.; Linn, J.	Aufsatz in Buch Book Article
2014	Real-time technologies in driving dynamics performance simulation through full vehicle multibody, 1D chassis subsystems and tire modeling integration Cibrario, V.; Bäecker, M.; Cuyper, J. de; Donders, S.; Toso, A.; Prescott, W.; Gallrein, A.; Gizatullin, A.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2013	On the use of geometrically exact shells for dynamic tire simulation Roller, M.; Betsch, P.; Gallrein, A.; Linn, J.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2013	On the use of geometrically exact shells for dynamic tire simulation Roller, M.; Betsch, P.; Gallrein, A.; Linn, J.	Bericht Report
2013	Structural MBD tire models: Evolving from spindle load to deformation measurements Gallrein, A.; Bäcker, M.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2013	On the use of geometrically exact shells for dynamic tire simulation Roller, M.; Betsch, P.; Gallrein, A.; Linn, J.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper
2013	Structural MBD tire models: Closing the gap to structural analysis - History and future of parameter identification Gallrein, A.; Baecker, M.; Gizatullin, A.	Bericht Report
2013	Integration eines detaillierten, flexiblen Reifenmodells in den Fraunhofer Fahrsimulator Burger, M.; Bäcker, M.; Gallrein, A.; Kleer, M.	Konferenzbeitrag Conference Paper

Diese Liste ist ein Auszug aus der Publikationsplattform Fraunhofer-Publica

This list has been generated from the publication platform Fraunhofer-Publica

Gallrein, A., Bäcker, M.: Structural MBD Tire Models: Evolving from Spindle Load to Deformation Measurements, in: Proceedings of ECCOMAS Multibody Dynamics 2013.

Gallrein, A., Bäcker, M.: CDTire: State-of-the-Art Tire Models For Full Vehicle Simulation, Americas HyperWorks Technology Conference, 2012.

Baecker, M., Gallrein, A., Hack, M., Toso, A.: A Method to Combine a Tire Model with a Flexible Rim Model in a Hybrid MBS/FEM Simulation Setup, SAE Int. SP-2307, 2011-01-0186, 2011.

Baecker, M., Gallrein, A., Haga, H.: A Tire Model for Very Large Tire Deformations and its Application in Very Severe Events, SAE Int. J. Mater. Manuf. 3(1): 142-151, 2010.

M. Baecker, A. Gallrein, H. Haga: Simulating Very Large Tire Deformations with CDTire, SAE 2009-01-0577, 2009.

M. Bäcker, R. Möller, M. Kienert, B. Bayram, M. Ozkaynak: Lastdatenermittlung für die rechnerische Lebensdauerabschätzung eines neuen Bustyps, MP Materials Testing 05/2009, Seite 309-316.

H. Haga: Development of Tire Model for Large Input Force, JSAE 20095684, 2009.

Yang, X., Medepalli, S.: Comfort and Durability Tire Model Validation, Tire Science and Technology, TSTCA, Vol. 37, No. 4, October – December 2009, pp. 302-322.

A. Gallrein, M. Baecker, H. Horiuchi, H. Naito: CDTireMC: A New Physical Tire Model for Spindle Load Prediction of Motorcycle Tires Including Very Large Inclination Angles on Rough Roads, 27th Annual Conference on Tire Science and Technology, Sept. 15/16 2008, Akron, Ohio, USA, to appear in Tire Science and Technology, 2009.

A. Falkner, W. Reinalter, W. Tieber: A validated simulation method for describing the effect of road-excited vibrations on the development of a vehicle, International Journal of Vehicle Design 2008 - Vol. 47, No.1/2/3/4 pp. 3-18.

H. Haga: Evaluation of Road Load Simulation on Rough Road Using Full Vehicle Model (Second Report), 2008 JSAE Annual Autumn Congress Proceedings, No.123-08 p.23-26 (2008).

H. Mauch, A. Ahmadi, W. Rudolph, F.-J. Stolze, M. Baecker, R. Moeller: Numerical and Experimental Simulation of Vehicles on Offroad-Courses, Proceedings DVM Conference "Optimierungs-Potentiale in der Betriebsfestigkeit", Sindelfingen, Germany, October 2008.

LMS International: LMS Comfort and Durability Tire User Guide, 2007.

S. Heine, C. Hackmair, P. Schneider, A. Wölfl, G. Jung, M. Bäcker: Optimierung von Prüfsystemen mithilfe virtueller Methoden am Beispiel des fahrdynamischen Fahrwerksprüfstandes, MP Materials Testing 09/2007, Page 488-490.

A. Gallrein, M. Baecker: CDTire: a tire model for comfort and durability applications, Vehicle System Dynamics Vol.45, Supplement, 2007, pp.69-77.

H. Haga: Evaluation of Road Load Simulation on Rough Road Using Full Vehicle Model, 2007 JSAE Annual Autumn Congress Proceedings, No.123-07 p.21-24 (2007).

H. Haga : Evaluation of Road Load Prediction by Multi-body Simulation Including Flex-Body (Second Report), 2006 JSAE Annual Autumn Congress Proceedings, No.136-06 p.11-14 (2006).

H. Haga : Evaluation of Road Load Prediction by Multi-body Simulation Including Flex-Body, 2006 JSAE Annual Spring Congress Proceedings, No.21-06 p.9-12 (2006).

H. Haga : Evaluation Method for Road Load Simulation, 2005 JSAE Annual Spring Congress Proceedings, No. 27-05, p.9-12 (2005).

A. Gallrein, J. DeCuyper, W. Dehandschutter, M. Baecker: Parameter Identification for LMS CDTire, 3rd Int. Tyre Colloquium, Tyre Models for Vehicle Dynamics Analysis Proceedings, Vehicle System Dynamics Vol.43, Supplement, 2005, pp.444-456.

H. Haga: Evaluation Method for Road Load Simulation Using a Tire Model and an Applied Example, 3rd Int. Tyre Colloquium, Tyre Models for vehicle Dynamics Analysis Proceedings, Vehicle System Dynamics Vol.43, Supplement, 2005, pp.281-296.

H. Haga: Evaluation of Tire Models for Durability Loads Prediction Using Suspension on Drum Environment, 2005, SAE 06M-266.